Fig. 1

Differential expression of hormone-related genes in NSGCT and seminoma. \({\text{log}}_{2}\)-transformed expression of 34 sex hormone-related genes in the cancer tissue was compared between testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT) and seminomas in the TCGA and GSE99420 cohorts by Mann–Whitney test with r effect size statistic. P values were corrected for multiple testing with the false discovery rate (FDR) method. A Differences in median \({\text{log}}_{2}\) expression between NSGCT and seminoma and FDR-corrected p values are presented in volcano plots. Each point represents a single gene. Point sizes represent effect size r value. Point color codes for gene classification. Significant genes are highlighted and labelled with their symbols. The dashed horizontal lines represent the pFDR = 0.05 significance cutoffs. Numbers of significantly up- and downregulated genes in NSGCT as compared with seminoma are displayed in the plot captions. B Expression of selected significant genes shared by both investigated cohorts. Median \({\text{log}}_{2}\) expression values with interquartile ranges are presented as boxes with whiskers spanning over 150% of the interquartile ranges. Cancer samples are visualized as points. Effect sizes and p values are displayed in the plot captions. Numbers of samples are indicated in the X axes